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One of the dilemmas included in the trolley problem: is it preferable to pull the lever to divert the runaway trolley onto the side track? The trolley problem is a series of thought experiments in ethics, psychology, and artificial intelligence involving stylized ethical dilemmas of whether to sacrifice one person to save a larger number.
The dominant account of extinction involves associative models. However, there is debate over whether extinction involves simply "unlearning" the unconditional stimulus (US) – Conditional stimulus (CS) association (e.g., the Rescorla–Wagner account) or, alternatively, a "new learning" of an inhibitory association that masks the original excitatory association (e.g., Konorski, Pearce and ...
The term derives from the Greek δραπέτης (drapetēs, 'a runaway [slave]') and μανία (mania, 'madness, frenzy'). [ 9 ] As late as 1914, the third edition of Thomas Lathrop Stedman 's Practical Medical Dictionary included an entry for drapetomania , defined as " vagabondage , dromomania ; an uncontrollable or insane impulsion to wander."
The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of an ornament assumed to be a Fisherian runaway. Fisherian runaway or runaway selection is a sexual selection mechanism proposed by the mathematical biologist Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century, to account for the evolution of ostentatious male ornamentation by persistent, directional female choice.
Two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) is a method for measuring the sensitivity of a person or animal to some particular sensory input, stimulus, through that observer's pattern of choices and response times to two versions of the sensory input.
Giving aid or assistance to a runaway instead of turning them in to the police is a more serious crime called "harboring a runaway", and is typically a misdemeanor. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The law can vary considerably from one jurisdiction to another; in the United States, there is a different law in every state.
Heinz Hartmann set the tone for ego psychology when he "chose to ... do without 'Freud's other, mainly biologically oriented set of hypotheses of the "life" and "death instincts"'". [78] In the object relations theory , among the independent group 'the most common repudiation was the loathsome notion of the death instinct'. [ 79 ]
His theoretical model was more or less fully articulated in Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954). Here, Rotter proposed that human behavior is the interactive result of two underlying forces: expectancy and reinforcement value. Expectancy refers to the subjective probability (i.e., the probability as estimated by the individual) that ...