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Precedent is a judicial decision that serves as an authority for courts when deciding subsequent identical or similar cases. [1] [2] [3] Fundamental to common law legal systems, precedent operates under the principle of stare decisis ("to stand by things decided"), where past judicial decisions serve as case law to guide future rulings, thus promoting consistency and predictability.
For example, in order to override antecedent 2, gain the students’ attention and immediately request something (e.g., a high five), before praising them and providing positive reinforcement. [15] This intervention fits in with the idea of classical conditioning, [ 3 ] as the child is rewarded with positive affirmation when they complete a task.
Ψ , the first letter of the Greek word psyche from which the term psychology is derived, is commonly associated with the field of psychology. In 1890, William James defined psychology as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions." [14] This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades.
An example of this is the IKEA effect, the tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end product.
The term has an early precedent in the writing of philosopher William James, who used the term "Trans-personal" in one of his lectures from 1905. [6] [7] However, this early terminology, introduced by James, had a different meaning than the current one [7] and its context was philosophy, not psychology, [6] which is where the term is mostly used these days.
2. More important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word. [6] [7] [8] With origins during the late 19th century, use of the lexical hypothesis began to flourish in English and German psychology during the early 20th century. [4]
A condition precedent is an event or state of affairs that is required before something else will occur. In contract law , a condition precedent is an event which must occur, unless its non-occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due, i.e., before any contractual duty exists.
"THE CAT" is a classic example of context effect. We have little trouble reading "H" and "A" in their appropriate contexts, even though they take on the same form in each word. A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. [1]