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Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (also called H–D or H/D exchange) is a chemical reaction in which a covalently bonded hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom, or vice versa. It can be applied most easily to exchangeable protons and deuterons, where such a transformation occurs in the presence of a suitable deuterium source, without any ...
Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol 2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, 1 H. The deuterium nucleus ( deuteron ) contains one proton and one neutron , whereas the far more common 1 H has no neutrons.
Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX). This method gives information about the solvent accessibility of various parts of the antigen and antibody, demonstrating reduced solvent accessibility in regions of protein-protein interactions. [ 32 ]
Semiheavy water, HDO, exists whenever there is water with light hydrogen (protium, 1 H) and deuterium (D or 2 H) in the mix. This is because hydrogen atoms (1 H and 2 H) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules. Water containing 50% 1 H and 50% 2 H in its hydrogen, is actually about 50% HDO and 25% each of H 2 O and D 2 O, in dynamic ...
Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D 2 O in addition to the usual H 2 O), a hydrogen-deuterium exchange is observed to affect phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C 6 H 5 OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Mainly the hydroxyl group is affected—without a catalyst, the ...
Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that remain in common use today: 2 H is deuterium [6] and 3 H is tritium. [7] The symbols D and T are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium; IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) accepts said symbols, but recommends the standard isotopic symbols 2 H and 3 ...
Almost all the organic hydrogen is exchangeable to some extent. Isotopic exchange of organic hydrogen will reorder the distribution of deuterium and often incorporate external hydrogen. Generally, more mature materials are more heavily exchanged. With effective exchange, aliphatic hydrogen can finally reach isotopic equilibrium at the final stage.
If the solvent is protic and contains deuterium in place of hydrogen (e.g., CH 3 OD), then the exchange of protons into the starting material can be monitored. If the recovered starting material contains deuterium, then the reaction is most likely undergoing an E1cB rev type mechanism. Recall, in this mechanism protonation of the carbanion ...