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The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), or the Malaysian Certificate of Education, is a national examination sat for by all fifth-form secondary school students in Malaysia.It is the equivalent of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; the Nationals 4/5 of Scotland; and the GCE Ordinary Level (O Level) of the Commonwealth of Nations.
9–10 Year 5: 10–11 Year 6: 11–12 Secondary school; Form 1: 12–13 Form 2: 13–14 Form 3: 14–15 Form 4: 15–16 Form 5: 16–17 Pre-university (Sixth form college or selected secondary schools) Lower Form 6: 17–18 Upper Form 6: 18–19 Post-secondary education; Tertiary education (College, Polytechnic or University) Ages vary
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM was founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope , an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
As the national education in Malaysia is modelled after the educational system in England, the pre-university programme is the sixth form of secondary education, referred to as "Form Six". The Ministry of Education selects secondary schools it considers capable of providing Form Six classes. STPM examinations are held throughout Form Six.
SPM certificate will be taken by all Malaysian students at the age of 17 and in Form 5 except those are studying in some international schools; SPM is equivalent to Cambridge O-Level Certificate. The Malaysian Examination Council (MPM) is providing Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia (STPM) examination to all Form 6 students in Malaysia.
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical effect of light–matter interaction. An ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a medium, will induce a varying refractive index of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect. [1]
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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.