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  2. Aqion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqion

    In order to flatten the steep learning curve aqion provides an introduction to fundamental water-related topics in form of a "chemical pocket calculator". Second. The program mediates between two terminological concepts: The calculations are performed in the "scientific realm" of thermodynamics (activities, speciation, log K values, ionic ...

  3. Non-random two-liquid model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-random_two-liquid_model

    VLE of the mixture of chloroform and methanol plus NRTL fit and extrapolation to different pressures. The non-random two-liquid model [1] (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned.

  4. Hydropower - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower

    Hydropower (from Ancient Greek ὑδρο-, "water"), also known as water power or water energy, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of a water source to produce power. [1] Hydropower is a method of sustainable energy ...

  5. Free-energy perturbation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_perturbation

    An alternative to free-energy perturbation for computing potentials of mean force in chemical space is thermodynamic integration. Another alternative, which is probably more efficient, is the Bennett acceptance ratio method. Adaptations to FEP exist which attempt to apportion free-energy changes to subsections of the chemical structure. [5]

  6. Magnetohydrodynamic generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_generator

    Heating a gas to its plasma state, or adding other easily ionizable substances like the salts of alkali metals, can help to accomplish this. In practice, a number of issues must be considered in the implementation of an MHD generator: generator efficiency, economics, and toxic byproducts. These issues are affected by the choice of one of the ...

  7. Betz's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz's_law

    Schematic of fluid flow through a disk-shaped actuator.For a constant-density fluid, cross-sectional area varies inversely with speed. In aerodynamics, Betz's law indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a wind turbine in open flow.

  8. UNIFAC - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFAC

    The equation for the group interaction parameter can be simplified to the following: Ψ m n = exp ⁡ − a m n T . {\displaystyle \Psi _{mn}=\exp {\frac {-a_{mn}}{T}}.} Thus a m n {\displaystyle a_{mn}} still represents the net energy of interaction between groups m {\displaystyle m} and n {\displaystyle n} , but has the somewhat unusual units ...

  9. Pico hydro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hydro

    A pico hydro system made by the Sustainable Vision project from Baylor University [1]. Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW. These generators have proven to be useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity – for example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio in 50 or so homes. [2]