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In photography, reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material. Within a normal exposure range for film stock, for example, the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure, defined as intensity × time.
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The basic rule is, "On a sunny day set aperture to f /16 and shutter speed to the [reciprocal of the] ISO film speed [or ISO setting] for a subject in direct sunlight." [1] In simplest terms, bright sun = f:16 @ 1/film-speed-number (aperture and shutter speed, respectively). For example:
This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds over a wide range of customary conditions. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second.
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The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer. [1] Adams described the Zone System as "[...] not an invention of mine; it is a codification of the principles of sensitometry, worked out by Fred Archer and myself at the Art Center School in Los Angeles, around 1939–40."
The mired value associated with a given color temperature is computed as the reciprocal of the color temperature, in Kelvin, multiplied by : M = 10 6 T {\displaystyle M={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T}}} The shift is the difference in the mired values of the film and light source.
Reciprocity law failure is a phenomenon where the same amount of exposure (irradiance multiplied by duration of exposure) produces different image density when the irradiance (and thus duration) is varied. There are two kinds of reciprocity failure. They are both related to poor efficiency of utilizing photoelectrons to create latent image centers.