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Family members expect to be addressed by the correct term that indicated their relationship to the person communicating with them. [6] Whenever wills clashed, it was expected, and even legally enforced, [4] that the will of the superior family member would prevail over the will of a junior family member. [3] In the Chinese kinship system:
Chinese people often address professionals in formal situations by their occupational titles. These titles can either follow the surname (or full name) of the person in reference, or it can stand alone either as a form of address or if the person being referred to is unambiguous without the added surname.
When Cao Wei defeated the Shu Han Emperor Liu Shan, he and his family were granted noble titles under the new regime. When the Eastern Wu was defeated by the Western Jin dynasty, the Jin Emperor granted the Eastern Wu Emperor Sun Hao the title of "Marquis of Guiming". Sun Hao's sons were made junior officials in the Jin government.
The nobility interacted with the royal apparatus of state across multiple dimensions of relationship, and in ways that changed over time. This has been subject to considerable misunderstanding due to a philosophical attempt to project backwards in time upon the Western Zhou dynasty a systematization of noble titles where none existed.
During imperial China (221 BCE – CE 1911), a wide variety of noble titles were granted. Some of these were hereditary; an overlapping subset were honorary. At the beginning of imperial China, the administration of territory was growing out of the older fengjian system, and the central government asserting more control over the old aristocracy.
A zupu (simplified Chinese: 族谱; traditional Chinese: 族譜; pinyin: zúpǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Cho̍k-phó͘) is a Chinese kin register or genealogy book, which contains stories of the kin's origins, male lineage and illustrious members. The register is usually updated regularly by the eldest person in the extended family, who hands on this ...
In ancient times, there were nine different relations (or guanxi) that an individual had with other people, which were referred to as the "family" or "tribe" (Chinese: 族). [26] These relations, under Confucian principles, were bonded by filial piety. Because members of a family remained strictly loyal to one another, they were considered ...
The first specialist reference for the English renderings of Chinese official titles was written in 1878 by a British legate to the Chinese government in Beijing, William Frederick Mayers. The most common terms used today in translation of official titles date back to Homer H. Dubs 's translation of the Book of Han and Book of the Later Han ...