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Since the 1970s, anthropologists have used the concept of male expendibility to study such things as polygyny, matrilinearity, and division of labor by gender role. The concept comes from the idea that, from a reproductivity standpoint, one male may be able to impregnate or otherwise father offspring with many females. In humans, this would ...
[5] He additionally turns to the behaviour of "savages" to show how many aspects of Victorian England's society can be seen in more primitive forms. In particular, Darwin argues that even moral and social instincts are evolved, comparing religion in man to fetishism in "savages" and his dog's inability to tell whether a wind-blown parasol was ...
Gender equality can refer to equal opportunities or formal equality based on gender or refer to equal representation or equality of outcomes for gender, also called substantive equality. [3] Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help achieve the goal.
Anthropologist Peter Frost has proposed that sexual selection for women with unusual hair or eye color was responsible for the evolution of pigmentary traits in European populations, [128] however this theory has since been refuted by data-based evidence from genetics and spectrophotometry, [129] [130] and multiple studies have shown that women ...
Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.
In humans, barring intersex conditions causing aneuploidy and other unusual states, it is the male that is heterogametic, with XY sex chromosomes.. Haldane's rule is an observation about the early stage of speciation, formulated in 1922 by the British evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane, that states that if — in a species hybrid — only one sex is inviable or sterile, that sex is more ...
Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in orbitid mites. [52] Teeth in chickens. [53] Dewclaws in dogs. [44] Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects [54] and earwigs. [44] Atavistic muscles in several birds [55] [56] and mammals such as the beagle [57] and the jerboa. [55] Extra toes in guinea pigs. [44] [58]
As the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology, (Edwards, 1998, pp. 564–569) Fisher's principle is a staple of popular science books on evolution. For example, see: Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. pp. 648– 649, 678, 692. Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2004). "The Seal's Tale".