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This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
In vacuum applications, a cold trap is a device that condenses all vapors except the permanent gases (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) into a liquid or solid. [ 2 ] [ needs update ] The most common objective is to prevent vapors being evacuated from an experiment from entering a vacuum pump where they would condense and contaminate it.
Because the liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of nitrogen is 1:694 at 20 °C (68 °F), a tremendous amount of force can be generated if liquid nitrogen is vaporized in an enclosed space. In an incident on January 12, 2006 at Texas A&M University , the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were malfunctioning and later sealed.
A tank of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer (for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about −150 °C or −238 °F) Controlled-rate and slow freezing, also known as slow programmable freezing (SPF), [18] is a technique where cells are cooled to around -196 °C over the course of several hours.
Cooling baths are generally one of two types: (a) a cold fluid (particularly liquid nitrogen, water, or even air) — but most commonly the term refers to (b) a mixture of 3 components: (1) a cooling agent (such as dry ice or ice); (2) a liquid "carrier" (such as liquid water, ethylene glycol, acetone, etc.), which transfers heat between the ...
In the classic dilution refrigerator (known as a wet dilution refrigerator), the 3 He is precooled and purified by liquid nitrogen at 77 K and a 4 He bath at 4.2 K. Next, the 3 He enters a vacuum chamber where it is further cooled to a temperature of 1.2–1.5 K by the 1 K bath , a vacuum-pumped 4 He bath (as decreasing the pressure of the ...
Liquid N 2: Isoamyl acetate-79 Dry ice: Sulfur dioxide-82 Liquid N 2: Ethyl Acetate-84 Liquid N 2: n-Butanol-89 Liquid N 2: Hexane-94 Liquid N 2: Acetone-94 Liquid N 2: Toluene-95 Liquid N 2: Methanol-98 Liquid N 2: Cyclohexene-104 Liquid N 2: Isooctane-107 Liquid N 2: Ethyl iodide-109 Liquid N 2: Carbon disulfide-110 Liquid N 2: Butyl bromide ...
In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as water molecules are displaced. Hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions is important for proper protein and DNA function.