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Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep ...
Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. Weight loss is the main treatment for obesity, [1] [2] [3] and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a ...
Infectious causes of weight loss include HIV/AIDS. [5] While Type 1 diabetes has been found to cause weight loss, type 2 diabetes has been associated with weight gain. [5] Other endocrine causes of weight loss include hyperthyroidism and chronic adrenal insufficiency. [5]
Weight loss drugs have been developed since the early twentieth century, and many have been banned or withdrawn from the market due to adverse effects, including deaths; other drugs proved ineffective. Although many earlier drugs were stimulants such as amphetamines, in the early 2020s, GLP-1 receptor agonists became popular for weight loss.
One study found a weight loss of between 14% and 25% (depending on the type of procedure performed) at 10 years, and a 29% reduction in all cause mortality when compared to standard weight loss measures. [214] Complications occur in about 17% of cases and reoperation is needed in 7% of cases. [212]
[84] [85] Preoperative weight loss can reduce operative time and hospital stay. [84] [86] [87] although there is insufficient evidence whether preoperative weight loss may be beneficial to reduce long-term morbidity or complications. [87] [88] Weight loss and decreases in liver size may be independent from the amount of calorie restriction. [85]
Studies have shown that the effectiveness of low-fat diets for weight loss is broadly similar to that of low-carbohydrate diets in the long-term. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] A scientific panel for the Endocrine Society stated that "when calorie intake is held constant [...] body-fat accumulation does not appear to be affected by even very pronounced changes in ...
The term bariatrics was coined around 1965, [2] from the Greek root bar- ("weight" as in barometer), suffix-iatr ("treatment," as in pediatrics), and suffix-ic ("pertaining to"). The field encompasses dieting , exercise and behavioral therapy approaches to weight loss , as well as pharmacotherapy and surgery .