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Vesta (radius 262.7 ± 0.1 km), the second-largest asteroid, appears to have a differentiated interior and therefore likely was once a dwarf planet, but it is no longer very round today. [74] Pallas (radius 255.5 ± 2 km ), the third-largest asteroid, appears never to have completed differentiation and likewise has an irregular shape.
The gravitational constant GM (μ) for Mars has the value of 42 830 km 3 s −2, its equatorial radius is 3 389.50 km and the known rotational period (T) of the planet is 1.025 956 76 Earth days (88 642.66 s). Using these values, Mars' orbital altitude is equal to 17 039 km. [73]
Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 observed craters with a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) or greater have been found. [98] The largest exposed crater is Hellas , which is 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) wide and 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) deep, and is a light albedo feature clearly visible from Earth.
4.5 s: 159 km/h (99 mph) Moon: 0.1655 1.625 5.33 11.1 s: 65 km/h (40 mph) Mars: 0.3895 3.728 12.23 7.3 s: 98 km/h (61 mph) Ceres: 0.029 0.28 0.92 26.7 s: 27 km/h (17 mph) Jupiter: 2.640 25.93 85.1 2.8 s: 259 km/h (161 mph) Io: 0.182 1.789 5.87 10.6 s: 68 km/h (42 mph) Europa: 0.134 1.314 4.31 12.3 s: 58 km/h (36 mph) Ganymede: 0.145 1.426 4.68 ...
where G is the universal constant of gravitation (commonly taken as G = 6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2), [10] M is the mass of Mars (most updated value: 6.41693 × 10 23 kg), [11] m is the mass of the satellite, r is the distance between Mars and the satellite, and is the angular velocity of the satellite, which is also equivalent to (T ...
Substituting the mass of Mars for M and the Martian sidereal day for T and solving for the semimajor axis yields a synchronous orbit radius of 20,428 km (12,693 mi) above the surface of the Mars equator. [3] [4] [5] Subtracting Mars's radius gives an orbital altitude of 17,032 km (10,583 mi). Two stable longitudes exist - 17.92°W and 167.83°E.
In gravitationally bound systems, the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around either the barycenter (the combined center of mass) or, if one body is much more massive than the other bodies of the system combined, its speed relative to the center of mass of the most massive body.
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.