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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
A popular repeated-measures design is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments.
Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected: Retrospective cohort study: Participants are chosen, then data are collected about their past experiences. Prospective cohort study: Participants are recruited prior to the proposed independent effects being administered or occurring.
One application of multilevel modeling (MLM) is the analysis of repeated measures data. Multilevel modeling for repeated measures data is most often discussed in the context of modeling change over time (i.e. growth curve modeling for longitudinal designs); however, it may also be used for repeated measures data in which time is not a factor.
Explanatory case studies explore causation to identify underlying principles. [23] [24] However, there is a debate to whether case studies count as a scientific research method. Clinical psychologists use case studies most often, especially to describe abnormal events and conditions, which are particularly important in clinical research. [25]
These designs compare two or more groups on one or more variable, such as the effect of gender on grades. The third type of non-experimental research is a longitudinal design. A longitudinal design examines variables such as performance exhibited by a group or groups over time (see Longitudinal study).
A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome. [1]
A diary study offers the advantage over a traditional survey study in that it allows for the collection of data on a daily basis or even multiple times a day. In contrast, a survey study typically gathers data at a single point in time, or in the case of a longitudinal study, with time lags spanning months or years. [16]