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Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. [1] After the infected meat has been eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. [1] They then invade the wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. [1]
Some internal fish parasites are spectacular, such as the philometrid nematode Philometra fasciati which is parasitic in the ovary of female Blacktip grouper; [14] the adult female parasite is a red worm which can reach up to 40 centimetres in length, for a diameter of only 1.6 millimetre; the males are tiny.
Diphyllobothriasis is the infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium (commonly D. latum and D. nihonkaiense).. Diphyllobothriasis mostly occurs in regions where raw fish is regularly consumed; those who consume raw fish are at risk of infection.
The migration of adult worms in the intestinal epithelium can cause traumatic damage to the host tissue, and the waste products they excrete can provoke an immunological reaction. [2] The resulting inflammation can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea.
In their Parasite Immunology article on worms and viral infections, Kamal et al. explain why some parasitic worms aggravate the immune response. [13] Because parasitic worms often induce Th2 cells and lead to suppressed Th1 cells, problems arise when Th1 cells are needed. [13] Such cases occur with viral diseases. [13]
The genus Anisakis was defined in 1845 [2] by Félix Dujardin as a subgenus of the genus Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758.Dujardin did not make explicit the etymology, but stated that the subgenus included the species in which the males have unequal spicules ("mâles ayant des spicules inégaux"); thus, the name Anisakis is based on anis-(Greek prefix for different) and akis (Greek for spine or spicule).
Humans can contract this parasite in three main ways (ingestion of under cooked meat, contaminated water, or poultices contained contaminated flesh). [4] [5] Historically, humans are considered a paratenic host; however, the first case of an adult S. erinaceieuropaei infection in humans was reported in 2017.
The amount of symptoms depends on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both cattle (67.55%) and goats (24.61%), [10] but generally low among humans. [citation needed] Treatment with triclabendazole has been highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages.