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The Suzuki reaction or Suzuki coupling is an organic reaction that uses a palladium complex catalyst to cross-couple a boronic acid to an organohalide. [1] [2] [3] It was first published in 1979 by Akira Suzuki, and he shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard F. Heck and Ei-ichi Negishi for their contribution to the discovery and development of noble metal catalysis in organic ...
The Miyaura borylation has shown to work for: Alkyl halides, [ 2 ] aryl halides, [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] aryl halides using tetrahydroxydiboron , [ 5 ] aryl halides using bis-boronic acid, [ 6 ] aryl triflates , [ 7 ] aryl mesylates , [ 8 ] vinyl halides, [ 9 ] vinyl halides of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, [ 10 ] and vinyl triflates.
The mechanism of protodeboronation was initially investigated by Kuivila in the 1960s, long before the discovery of the Suzuki reaction and the popularisation of boronic acids. Their studies focused on the protodeboronation of some substituted aromatic boronic acids in aqueous conditions, and they reported the presence of two distinct ...
Norio Miyaura (宮浦憲夫, Miyaura Norio) was a Japanese organic chemist. He was a professor of graduate chemical engineering at Hokkaido University. [1] His major accomplishments surrounded his work in cross-coupling reactions / conjugate addition reactions of organoboronic acids (for C-C bond-forming reactions) and addition / coupling reactions of diborons and boranes (to synthesize ...
Then A. Suzuki and co-workers extend this kind of reaction to other organoboron compounds and other alkenyl, aryl, alkyl halides and triflate. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction organoboron compounds and these organic halides to form carbon-carbon bonds are known as Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. [41] [42] Suzuki-Miyaura Cross ...
Powered by a 269cc two-stroke motor — United Kingdom [128] [129] Valmobile (1955–1961), Victor Bouffort folding "suitcase scooter" design manufactured by Martin-Moulet in France (1955–56), and Hirano Motorcycle Company of Japan (1956–61) [130] — France & Japan; Velocette (1960–1964) — United Kingdom; Vento — USA
In the year 2009 LML launched the 4 stroke scooter which was identical to the 2 stroke counterpart, but had a different internal mechanism with 4 stroke engine. In the year 2013, LML relaunched LML Freedom DX, a 110 cc bike in the Commuter category. In the year 2016, LML launched the Star 125 Lite automatic version on a small frame.
The chukudu (or chikudu, chokoudou, tshukudu) [1] is a two-wheeled handmade vehicle used in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is made of wood , and is used for transporting cargo. The chukudu generally has an angular frame, two small wheels (often of wood, sometimes wrapped with rubber), handlebars, and a pad for the operator to ...