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If an atom has more electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative charge, and is called a negative ion (or anion). Conversely, if it has more protons than electrons, it has a positive charge, and is called a positive ion (or cation). The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by the electromagnetic force.
To indicate a more severe charge, the number of additional or missing electrons is supplied, as seen in O 2 2-(negative charge, peroxide) and He 2+ (positive charge, alpha particle). [4] Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions.
Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...
Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion.
Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence.
A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron. Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1. It is noted H +. Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names: Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H +)
However, Stoney believed these charges were permanently attached to atoms and could not be removed. In 1881, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz argued that both positive and negative charges were divided into elementary parts, each of which "behaves like atoms of electricity". [3] Stoney initially coined the term electrolion in 1881.
Charge numbers for ions are denoted in superscript (e.g. Na + indicates a sodium ion with a charge number of positive one). Atomic numbers are charge numbers of atomic nuclei. Charles's law A classical gas law which states that when the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to its ...
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