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The Muqaddimah (Arabic: مقدّمة "Introduction"), also known as the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun (Arabic: مقدّمة ابن خلدون) or Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena (Ancient Greek: Προλεγόμενα), is a book written by the historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 which presents a view of universal history. [1]
Sanghyang Adi Buddha is a concept of God in Indonesian Buddhism.This term was used by Ashin Jinarakkhita at the time of Buddhist revival in Indonesia in the mid-20th century to reconcile the first principle of the official philosophical foundation of Indonesia (), i.e. Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa (lit.
The Sufi members of the Tijaniyyah order distinguish themselves by a number of practices relating to their spiritual life and their mystical process and itinerary. [3]During the initiation rite to the tariqa order, one murid receives the Tijānī wird, also called lazimi, from a muqaddam or a sheikh representative of the Sunni order.
The muqaddam explains to the initiate the duties of the order, which include keeping the basic tenets of Islam including the five Five Pillars, to honor and respect one's parents, and not to follow another Sufi order in addition to the Tijāniyya. Initiates are to pronounce the Tijānī wird (a process that usually takes ten to fifteen minutes ...
Al-Suyuti was born to a family of Persian descent on 3 October 1445 AD (1 Rajab 849 AH) in Cairo in the Mamluk Sultanate. [10] According to al-Suyuti his ancestors came from al-Khudayriyya in Baghdad. [18]
The Title al-Faqih was given because he was a great teacher who mastered a lot of religious sciences, including the science of jurisprudence. One of his teachers, Ali Bamarwan said that he mastered the science of jurisprudence as great as the former scholar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Shafi'i Furak who died in 406 H. [2]
Mare Liberum (or The Freedom of the Seas) is a book in Latin on international law written by the Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius, first published in 1609. In The Free Sea , Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade.
Maqām [1] (Arabic: مَقَام "station"; plural مَقَامَات maqāmāt) refers to each stage a Sufi's soul must attain in its search for God. [2] The stations are derived from the most routine considerations a Sufi must deal with on a day-to-day basis and is essentially an embodiment of both mystical knowledge and Islamic law ().