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Pandas (styled as pandas) is a software library written for the Python programming language for data manipulation and analysis. In particular, it offers data structures and operations for manipulating numerical tables and time series .
statsmodels – Python package for statistics and econometrics (regression, plotting, hypothesis testing, generalized linear model (GLM), time series analysis, autoregressive–moving-average model (ARMA), vector autoregression (VAR), non-parametric statistics, ANOVA) Statistical Lab – R-based and focusing on educational purposes
Given a function that accepts an array, a range query (,) on an array = [,..,] takes two indices and and returns the result of when applied to the subarray [, …,].For example, for a function that returns the sum of all values in an array, the range query (,) returns the sum of all values in the range [,].
The five-number summary gives information about the location (from the median), spread (from the quartiles) and range (from the sample minimum and maximum) of the observations. Since it reports order statistics (rather than, say, the mean) the five-number summary is appropriate for ordinal measurements , as well as interval and ratio measurements.
The concept of data type is similar to the concept of level of measurement, but more specific. For example, count data requires a different distribution (e.g. a Poisson distribution or binomial distribution ) than non-negative real-valued data require, but both fall under the same level of measurement (a ratio scale ).
Winsorizing or winsorization is the transformation of statistics by limiting extreme values in the statistical data to reduce the effect of possibly spurious outliers.It is named after the engineer-turned-biostatistician Charles P. Winsor (1895–1951).
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The instantaneous rate of change is a well-defined concept that takes the ratio of the change in the dependent variable to the independent variable at a specific instant. This is an image of vials with different amounts of liquid. A continuous variable could be the volume of liquid in the vials. A discrete variable could be the number of vials.