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Firstly, an anteroposterior (AP) perspective which shows the degree of difference between the femoral neck and femur, and another view where the hips and knees are both flexed to a right angle, which determines antetorsion. Both of these radiographs are utilised to calculate the angle of anteversion of the femoral neck. [3]
Shepherd's Crook deformity is a severe form of coxa vara where the proximal femur is severely deformed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees. It is most commonly a sequela of osteogenesis imperfecta , Paget's disease, osteomyelitis, tumour and tumour-like conditions (e.g. fibrous dysplasia ).
The hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. There are two bones that make up the hip joint and create an articulation between the femur and pelvis. This articulation connects the axial skeleton with the lower extremity.
This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees in average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated.
In vertebrate anatomy, the hip, or coxa [1] (pl.: coxae) in medical terminology, refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis.. The hip region is located lateral and anterior to the gluteal region, inferior to the iliac crest, and lateral to the obturator foramen, with muscle tendons and soft tissues overlying the greater trochanter of the femur. [2]
A thigh-foot angle less than 10 degrees internal, and up to 30 degrees of external rotation is considered normal. [6] Femoral Anteversion. Femoral anteversion is diagnosed by physical exam. [6] The principle physical exam maneuver is an assessment of hip mobility. [6] The child is evaluated in the prone position with knees flexed to 90 degrees. [6]
In humans, female legs generally have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles, while male legs have longer femur and tibial lengths. [4] In humans, each lower limb is divided into the hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle and foot. [5] In anatomy, arm refers to the upper arm and leg refers to the lower leg.
The angle decreases during the period of growth, but after full growth has been attained it does not usually undergo any change, even in old age; it varies considerably in different persons of the same age. Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced