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  2. Transistor diode model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_diode_model

    PNP transistor. To make a PNP transistor, the cathodes of both diodes are back-to-back connected to form a large N type base region. [1] ... Code of Conduct;

  3. 2N7000 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N7000

    A typical use of these transistors is as a switch for moderate voltages and currents, including as drivers for small lamps, motors, and relays. [1] In switching circuits, these FETs can be used much like bipolar junction transistors, but have some advantages: high input impedance of the insulated gate means almost no gate current is required

  4. 2N3906 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3906

    The 2N3906 is a commonly used PNP bipolar junction transistor intended for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. [1] [2] It is designed for low electric current and power and medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3904 NPN transistor. [3]

  5. Diode–transistor logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode–transistor_logic

    Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistortransistor logic. It is called so because the logic gating functions AND and OR are performed by diode logic , while logical inversion (NOT) and amplification (providing signal restoration) is performed by a transistor (in contrast with ...

  6. 2N3904 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3904

    The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. [1] [2] [3] It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3906 PNP transistor. Both types were registered by Motorola Semiconductor in ...

  7. Open collector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_collector

    The output is usually connected to an external pull-up resistor, which pulls the output voltage to the resistor's supply voltage when the transistor is off. For PNP open collector outputs, the emitter of the PNP transistor is internally connected to the positive voltage rail, so the collector outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on or ...

  8. Insulated-gate bipolar transistor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar...

    An IGBT cell is constructed similarly to an n-channel vertical-construction power MOSFET, except the n+ drain is replaced with a p+ collector layer, thus forming a vertical PNP bipolar junction transistor. This additional p+ region creates a cascade connection of a PNP bipolar junction transistor with the surface n-channel MOSFET. The whole ...

  9. TL431 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL431

    A single common-emitter pnp-type transistor can operate correctly in saturation mode, with only ≈0.25 V voltage drop, but also with impractically high base currents. [29] A compound pnp-type transistor does not need as much drive current, but it requires at least a 1 V voltage drop. [29]