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The relevant words and names with historic /ɛr/ are er in a stressed syllable, historic /ʊr/ are spelled as a stressed ur ,or ,our , and /ɪr/ is any ir or yr . The diaphoneme /ər/ originates from unstressed vowels before /r/ and was not otherwise distinct.
On the other hand, "non-phonemic" [1] or "newspaper" [2] systems, commonly used in newspapers and other non-technical writings, avoid diacritics and literally "respell" words making use of well-known English words and spelling conventions, even though the resulting system may not have a one-to-one mapping between symbols and sounds.
When followed by /r/, the historic /ɒ/ is pronounced entirely differently by Inland North speakers as [ɔ~o], for example, in the words orange, forest, and torrent. The only exceptions to this are the words tomorrow, sorry, sorrow, borrow and, for some speakers, morrow, which use the sound [a~ä]. This is all true of General American speakers too.
[ɔ˞]: north, war In words such as start , many speakers have r-coloring only in the coda of the vowel, rather than as a simultaneous articulation modifying the whole duration. This can be represented in IPA by using a succession of two symbols such as [ɑɚ] or [ɑɹ] , rather than the unitary symbol [ɑ˞] .
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For a list of those languages other than English which have agreed-upon transcriptions in Wikipedia, see {}. For a comparison of the non-IPA transcriptions found in many US dictionaries, see Pronunciation respelling for English .
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SAMPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation SAMPA Explanation IPA " Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), for example "happy" /"h{pi/