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Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate." [21] It is "one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases" (GHG). [22] 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. [23]
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations (UN) members in 2015, created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The aim of these global goals is "peace and prosperity for people and the planet" [1] [2] – while tackling climate change and working to preserve oceans and forests.
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There is a large number of smaller natural disasters in Indonesia each year which often lead to deaths of 10 or 20 people or more. For example, landslides (tanah longsor) are very common in upland areas, especially during the rainy season, and cause much local damage and deaths. [6] Flooding is also a regular problem across many parts of Indonesia.
Indonesia is a signatory to the Paris agreement, committing to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by 2030. They have further agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by 90% by 2030, this also includes restoring 12 million hectares of degraded peatlands and forest. [ 91 ]
Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor levels of access and service quality. More than 16 million people lack access to an at least basic water source and almost 33 million of the country's 275 million population has no access to at least basic sanitation . [ 4 ]
Javanese women performing manual labor during rice plantation in Indonesia. A report by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) of 2013 stated that the emphasis of the SDGs should not be on ending poverty by 2030, but on eliminating hunger and under-nutrition by 2025. [20]
This is the only remaining site of the Hindu-Buddhist antiquity in Indonesia, the capital city of the Majapahit Kingdom, covering 11-by-9-kilometre (6.8 mi × 5.6 mi). It was built on flat terrains below three mountains: Penanggungan, Welirang, and Anjasmara.