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Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "M w" scale is widely used.) The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902.
Seismic moment is measured in newton-meters (N m or N⋅m) in the SI, or dyne-centimeters (dyn⋅cm; 1 dyn⋅cm = 10 −7 N⋅m) in the older CGS system. In the simplest case the moment can be calculated knowing only the amount of slip, the area of the surface ruptured or slipped, and a factor for the resistance or friction encountered.
The JMA scale is expressed in levels of seismic intensity from 0 to 7 in a manner similar to that of the Mercalli intensity scale, which is not commonly used in Japan.The JMA uses seismic intensity meters to automatically calculate ground acceleration in real-time, reporting intensities based on measurements from observation points.
Example graph of stream stages showing Action Stage, Flood Stage, Moderate Stage, Major Stage, and Record Stage on a river. Flood stage is the water level, as read by a stream gauge or tide gauge, for a body of water at a particular location, measured from the level at which a body of water threatens lives, property, commerce, or travel. [1]
Thus the water discharge of a tap (faucet) can be measured with a measuring jug and a stopwatch. Here the discharge might be 1 litre per 15 seconds, equivalent to 67 ml/second or 4 litres/minute. This is an average measure. For measuring the discharge of a river we need a different method and the most common is the 'area-velocity' method.
The constant can be measured when a stream is flowing under "section control" as the surveyed gauge height of the lowest point of the section control feature. When a stream is flowing under "channel control" conditions, the parameter a {\displaystyle a} does not have a physical analogue and must be estimated by following standard methods given ...
As officials assess flood damage in the Central Coast and Central Valley, more rain moves in. Southern California will see rain Tuesday and Wednesday.
It is described by the fact that the discharge through a river of an approximate rectangular cross-section must, through conservation of mass, equal Q = u ¯ b h {\displaystyle Q={\bar {u}}bh} where Q {\displaystyle Q} is the volumetric discharge, u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} is the mean flow velocity, b {\displaystyle b} is the channel ...