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In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...
Examples include e and π. Trigonometric number: Any number that is the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π. Quadratic surd: A root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients. Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number.
The first problem was to know how well a real number can be approximated by rational numbers. For this problem, a rational number p / q is a "good" approximation of a real number α if the absolute value of the difference between p / q and α may not decrease if p / q is replaced by another rational number with a smaller denominator.
In particular, for a variety X over a field k and any field extension E of k, X also determines the set X(E) of E-rational points of X, meaning the set of solutions of the equations defining X with values in E. Example: Let X be the conic curve + = in the affine plane A 2 over the real numbers .
If B has a smallest element among the rationals, the cut corresponds to that rational. Otherwise, that cut defines a unique irrational number which, loosely speaking, fills the "gap" between A and B. [3] In other words, A contains every rational number less than the cut, and B contains every rational number greater than or equal to the cut. An ...
In radians, one would require that 0° ≤ x ≤ π/2, that x/π be rational, and that sin(x) be rational. The conclusion is then that the only such values are sin(0) = 0, sin(π/6) = 1/2, and sin(π/2) = 1. The theorem appears as Corollary 3.12 in Niven's book on irrational numbers. [2] The theorem extends to the other trigonometric functions ...
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