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Of the two effects of interference theory, proactive interference is the less common and less problematic type of interference compared to retroactive interference. [1] Previously, it had been hypothesized that forgetting working memories would be nonexistent if not for proactive interference.
The misinformation effect is an example of retroactive interference which occurs when information presented later interferes with the ability to retain previously encoded information. Individuals have also been shown to be susceptible to incorporating misleading information into their memory when it is presented within a question. [ 5 ]
An example of Retroactive Interference would be if one was to memorize a phone number and then after a few moments memorize another phone number, practicing the second phone number more. When the recall of the first phone number is needed, the recollection will be poor because the last phone number was the item practiced the most.
Retroactive interference is the interference of newer memories with the retrieval of older memories. [16] The learning of new memories contributes to the forgetting of previously learned memories. For example, retroactive interference would happen as an individual learns a list of Italian vocabulary words, had previously learned Spanish.
In such cases, retrieval cues continue to be associated and aimed at recalling previously learned information, affecting the recall of new material. Retroactive interference is the opposite of proactive interference, in which there is difficulty in the recall of previously learned information based on the interference of newly acquired information.
In nature, the interfering items are said to originate from an overstimulating environment. Interference theory exists in three branches: Proactive, Retroactive and Output. Retroactive and Proactive inhibition each referring in contrast to the other. Retroactive interference is when new information (memories) interferes with older information.
In cognitive psychology, Brown–Peterson task (or Brown–Peterson procedure) refers to a cognitive exercise designed to test the limits of working memory duration. The task is named for two notable experiments published in the 1950s in which it was first documented, the first by John Brown [1] and the second by husband-and-wife team Lloyd and Margaret Peterson.
By the early 1970s, however, classical interference theory began to decline due to its reliance on associationism, [8] its inability to explain the facts of interference or how interference applies to everyday life, and to newly published reports on proactive and retroactive inhibition. [5]