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This article describes experimental procedures for determining whether a coin is fair or unfair. There are many statistical methods for analyzing such an experimental procedure. This article illustrates two of them. Both methods prescribe an experiment (or trial) in which the coin is tossed many times and the result of each toss is recorded.
If a fair coin is flipped 21 times, the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2,097,152. The probability of flipping a head after having already flipped 20 heads in a row is 1 / 2 . Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21; The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21
A fair coin, when tossed, should have an equal chance of landing either side up. In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin.
Suppose one wishes to determine just how biased an unfair coin is. Call the probability of tossing a 'head' p. The goal then becomes to determine p. Suppose the coin is tossed 80 times: i.e. the sample might be something like x 1 = H, x 2 = T, ..., x 80 = T, and the count of the number of heads "H" is observed.
"Circulating Coins Production data". United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. United States Mint. Archived 2017-01-31 at the Wayback Machine; Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine dead links "50 STATE QUARTERS". COINSHEET. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. "Pennies Minted by the U.S. Mint from 1970 to ...
1) Subdivide the coins in to 2 groups of 4 coins and a third group with the remaining 5 coins. 2) Test 1, Test the 2 groups of 4 coins against each other: a. If the coins balance, the odd coin is in the population of 5 and proceed to test 2a. b. The odd coin is among the population of 8 coins, proceed in the same way as in the 12 coins problem.
As visitors' coins splash into Rome's majestic Trevi Fountain carrying wishes for love, good health or a return to the Eternal City, they provide practical help to people the tourists will never meet.
A casino offers a game of chance for a single player in which a fair coin is tossed at each stage. The initial stake begins at 2 dollars and is doubled every time tails appears. The first time heads appears, the game ends and the player wins whatever is the current stake.