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Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle.
It categorizes the dissection based on where the original intimal tear is located and the extent of the dissection (localized to either the ascending aorta or descending aorta or involving both the ascending and descending aorta). [38] Type I – originates in ascending aorta, and propagates at least to the aortic arch and often beyond it ...
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.
Tetralogy of Fallot results in low oxygenation of blood. ... receiving 65% of the venous return to the heart, and is the main contributor of blood flow to the lower ...
Echocardiography is helpful in determining the severity of the disease by estimating the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. [32] This test can also show leaflet calcification and the pressure gradient over the mitral valve. [32] Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area <1.5 cm 2. [8]
Duke treadmill scores typically range from –25 (highest risk) to +15 (lowest risk). One-year mortality and five-year survival rates respectively for the results of the Duke treadmill score have been reported as follows: [4] [5] [6] less than or equal to –11: 5.25%, 65% –10 to 4: 1.25%, 90% greater than or equal to 5: 0.25%, 97%
Likewise, a positive current traveling away from the positive electrode and towards the negative electrode creates a negative deflection on the ECG. [65] [66] The red arrow represents the overall direction of travel of the depolarization. The magnitude of the red arrow is proportional to the amount of tissue being depolarized at that instance.