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In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. [47]
Vitamin B 12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. [2] It is one of eight B vitamins . It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis , and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism . [ 3 ]
[4]: 44 Vitamin B 12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which creates anemia (macrocytic anemia), decreased bone marrow cell production (anemia, pancytopenia), neurological problems, as well as metabolic issues (methylmalonyl-CoA acidosis). [4]: 50–51 Vitamin B 12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb.
While some studies have found that vitamin D 3 raises 25(OH)D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer, [45] [46] others contend that vitamin D 2 sources are equally bioavailable and effective for raising and sustaining 25(OH)D. [47] [48] If digestive disorders compromise absorption, then intramuscular injection of up to ...
Below, registered dietitians and a doctor explain the shelf-life of vitamins and how it varies, plus how to store your vitamins for optimal use and the safety risks of consuming vitamins when they ...
Biotin (also known as vitamin B 7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. [ 4 ]
Arsenic is a naturally occurring substance that’s found in the air, water, and soil, per the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It’s divided into organic and inorganic arsenic, with inorganic ...
Vitamin B 10: para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA or PABA), a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria, and found in many foods. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] It is best known as a UV -blocking sunscreen applied to the skin, and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions.