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Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) and hypercalcemia (high blood calcium) are both serious medical disorders. Osteoporosis, osteomalacia and rickets are bone disorders linked to calcium metabolism disorders and effects of vitamin D. Renal osteodystrophy is a consequence of chronic kidney failure related to the calcium metabolism.
Serious side effects include suicidal thoughts, low blood cell levels, and lupus erythematosus. [4] [5] It is unclear if it has adverse effects on the fetus during pregnancy. [4] Ethosuximide is in the succinimide family of medications. Its mechanism of action is thought to be due to antagonism of the postsynaptic T-type voltage-gated calcium ...
However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The vitamin D receptor belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid ...
Common side effects include headache, low blood pressure, nausea, and constipation. [9] Other side effects include allergic reactions and muscle pains. [12] It is not recommended in people with a slow heart rate or heart failure. [12] It is believed to cause problems for the fetus if used during pregnancy. [2]
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone , vitamin D and the calcium ...
Three studies of Cal/BD topical suspension have evaluated treatment effects on calcium metabolism. In 2 of the 3 trials (n=32 and n=43), elevated urinary calcium levels outside the normal range were observed in 2 patients each. In the third trial (n=109), no clinically relevant changes in urinary calcium were reported. [6]
10% calcium gluconate solution (given intravenously) is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of low blood calcium.This form of calcium is not as well absorbed as calcium lactate, [12] and it only contains 0.93% (93 mg/dL) calcium ion (defined by 1 g weight solute in 100 mL of solution to make 1% solution w/v).
Use is often recommended together with vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and lifestyle changes. [4] Common side effects (1 to 10% of patients) include constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, and acid reflux. [4] Use is not recommended during pregnancy or in those with poor kidney function. [5]