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  2. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    Economies of scale is related to and can easily be confused with the theoretical economic notion of returns to scale. Where economies of scale refer to a firm's costs, returns to scale describe the relationship between inputs and outputs in a long-run (all inputs variable) production function.

  3. Market structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structure

    Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. A firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller, more specialized firms.

  4. Big push model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_push_model

    The Big Push Model is a concept in development economics or welfare economics that emphasizes the fact that a firm's decision whether to industrialize or not depends on the expectation of what other firms will do. It assumes economies of scale and oligopolistic market structure. It also explains when the industrialization would happen.

  5. Localization and Urbanization Economies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_and...

    Localization and Urbanization Economies are two types of external economies of scale, or agglomeration economies. External economies of scale result from an increase in the productivity of an entire industry, region, or economy due to factors outside of an individual company. There are three sources of external economies of scale: input sharing ...

  6. Returns to scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale

    In economics, the concept of returns to scale arises in the context of a firm's production function.It explains the long-run linkage of increase in output (production) relative to associated increases in the inputs (factors of production).

  7. Economic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system

    The analysis of economic systems traditionally focused on the dichotomies and comparisons between market economies and planned economies and on the distinctions between capitalism and socialism. [4] Subsequently, the categorization of economic systems expanded to include other topics and models that do not conform to the traditional dichotomy.

  8. Socially optimal firm size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_optimal_firm_size

    If only diseconomies of scale existed, then the long-run average cost-minimizing firm size would be one worker, producing the minimal possible level of output. However, economies of scale also apply, which state that large firms can have lower per-unit costs due to buying at bulk discounts (components, insurance, real estate, advertising, etc.) and can also limit competition by buying out ...

  9. Economic globalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization

    For these reasons and sometimes due to economies of scale, they can sometimes out-compete similar businesses in developing countries. This is a substantial issue in international agriculture, where Western farms tend to be large and highly productive due to agricultural machinery , fertilizer, and pesticides; but developing-country farms tend ...