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A write ahead log is an append-only auxiliary disk-resident structure used for crash and transaction recovery. The changes are first recorded in the log, which must be written to stable storage, before the changes are written to the database. [2] The main functionality of a write-ahead log can be summarized as: [3]
Write-ahead logging: Any change to an object is first recorded in the log, and the log must be written to stable storage before changes to the object are written to disk. Repeating history during Redo: On restart after a crash, ARIES retraces the actions of a database before the crash and brings the system back to the exact state that it was in ...
In particular, the logging mechanism is called write-ahead log (WAL) and allows durability by buffering changes to the disk before they are synchronized from the main memory. In this way, by reconstruction from the log file, all committed transactions are resilient to system-level failures, because they can be redone.
Write Ahead Physical Block Logging (WAPBL) provides meta data journaling for file systems in conjunction with Fast File System (FFS) to accomplish rapid filesystem consistency after an unclean shutdown of the filesystem and better general use performance over regular FFS.
Physically, a log is a file listing changes to the database, stored in a stable storage format. If, after a start, the database is found in an inconsistent state or not been shut down properly, the database management system reviews the database logs for uncommitted transactions and rolls back the changes made by these transactions .
Berkeley DB is not a relational database, [2] although it has database features including database transactions, multiversion concurrency control and write-ahead logging. BDB runs on a wide variety of operating systems , including most Unix-like and Windows systems, and real-time operating systems .
Write-ahead log (WAL) shipping: The storage engine's low-level write-ahead log is replicated, ensuring identical data structures across nodes. Logical (row-based) replication : Changes are described at the row level using a dedicated log format, providing greater flexibility and independence from storage engine internals.
The record of commits is called the commit log. In terms of transactions, the opposite of commit is to discard the tentative changes of a transaction, a rollback . The transaction, commit and rollback concepts are key to the ACID property of databases.