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In 2015, Texas Instruments announced the ATL431, an improved derivative of the TL431 for very high efficiency switch-mode regulators [49] that has a V REF of 2.5 V instead of 2.495 V. The recommended minimum operating current is only 35 μA (standard TL431: 1 mA); the maximum I CA and V CA are the same as standard (100 mA and 36 V). [ 50 ]
The input is left side, the output with load is right side. The switch is typically a MOSFET, IGBT, or BJT transistor. A buck converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which decreases voltage, while increasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply.
When a transistor is switched on or off, it does not immediately switch from a non-conducting to a conducting state; and may transiently support both a high voltage and conduct a high current. Consequently, when gate current is applied to a transistor to cause it to switch, a certain amount of heat is generated which can, in some cases, be ...
A common variation of this circuit uses just the two transistors on one side of the load, similar to a class AB amplifier. Such a configuration is called a "half bridge". [ 4 ] It acts as an electronic toggle switch, the half bridge is not able to switch polarity of the voltage applied to the load.
Open outputs configurations thus differ from push–pull outputs, which use a pair of transistors to output a specific voltage or current. These open outputs configurations are often used for digital applications when the transistor acts as a switch, to allow for logic-level conversion, wired-logic connections, and line sharing.
Circuit of TTL NAND gate has a 'totem pole output' stage (right) consisting of two NPN transistors in push pull. When at least one of the inputs is low, transistor V 1 is turned on, V 2 is turned off, V 3 is turned on and V 4 off, pulling output voltage high. When both inputs are high, V 2 is on, V 3 is off and V 4 is turned on, pulling output low.
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