Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Birching in a women's prison, US (c. 1890) 1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging Edmund Bonner punishing a heretic in Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563) It was the most common school and judicial punishment in Europe up to the mid-19th century, when caning gained increasing popularity.
Injury in plants is damage caused by other organisms or by the non-living (abiotic) environment to plants. Animals that commonly cause injury to plants include insects, mites, nematodes, and herbivorous mammals; damage may also be caused by plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Abiotic factors that can damage plants include ...
Switches are typically made of strong and flexible wood such as hazel, birch, or hickory. [citation needed] Willow branches are also used, as well as branches from strong trees and large shrubs.
Plants can protect themselves from abiotic stress in many different ways, and most include a physical change in the plant’s morphology. Phenotypic plasticity is a plant’s ability to alter and adapt its morphology in response to the external environments to protect themselves against stress. [ 2 ]
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (/ ˈ b ɛ tj ʊ l ə /), [2] in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae.
Prickles on a blackberry branch. In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems, or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically defending plants against herbivory.
Urticating hairs of a stinging nettle. The most common form of urticating hairs in plants are typified by nettles, which possess sharp-pointed hollow bristles seated on a gland that secretes an acrid fluid.
Beyond adverse effects from the herb itself, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal." [3]