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The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count.
Collagen fibers (which provide mechanical stiffness in cartilage) in this region are anchored directly to bones, reducing the possible deformation. Moving closer to soft tissue into the region known as the tidemark, the density of chondrocytes increases and collagen fibers are rearranged to optimize for stress dissipation and low friction. The ...
Synovial fluid, also called synovia, is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints.With its egg white–like consistency, [1] the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. [2]
As an animal moves up an inclined branch, it must fight the force of gravity to raise its body, making the movement more difficult. To get past this difficulty, many animals have to grasp the substrate with all four limbs and increase the frequency of their gait sequence. Conversely, as the animal descends, it must also fight gravity to control ...
A subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. It allows skin to move smoothly over the bone. Examples include the prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow. A submuscular bursa is found between a muscle and an underlying bone, or between adjacent muscles.
The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration. [ 12 ] The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum ), [ 13 ] at least 3 mm in the knee , [ 14 ] and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint ...
The elastic deformation of bone is measured in μStrain. [2] [3] 1000μStrain = 0.1% change of length of the bone.Strain E at length l and change of length Δl: =; It has to be considered that bone strength is highly dependent on geometry and direction of the acting forces in relation to this geometry.
[51]: 2–3 Various types of bearing and/or lubricant may be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. [52] In biological joints such as the human knee, friction is reduced by means of cartilage with a very low friction coefficient, as well as lubricating synovial fluid, which has very low viscosity. [53]