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Synovial fluid, also called synovia, is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints.With its egg white–like consistency, [1] the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. [2]
In these models, the properties of each rigid body, like mass, length, and width, need to be prescribed. Additionally, the joints between rigid bodies need to be defined, both in terms of type (e.g. hinge and ball-in-socket) and degrees of freedom (i.e. how the rigid bodies move relative to one another).
The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration. [ 12 ] The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum ), [ 13 ] at least 3 mm in the knee , [ 14 ] and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint ...
The platypus may be a good example of an intermediate between drag and lift swimmers because it has been shown to have a rowing mechanism which is similar to lift-based pectoral oscillation. The limbs of semi-aquatic organisms are reserved for use on land and using them in water not only increases the cost of locomotion, but limits them to drag ...
Based on location, there are three types of bursa: subcutaneous, submuscular and subtendinous. A subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. It allows skin to move smoothly over the bone. Examples include the prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow. A submuscular ...
Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. [1] [2] This can be divided into compressive and adhesive forces in the direction perpendicular to the interface, and frictional forces in the tangential direction.
The sound can be created when two rough surfaces in an organism's body come into contact—for example, in osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis when the cartilage around joints erodes and the surfaces in the joint grind against one another, or when the two fractured surfaces of the broken bones rub together. Crepitus is a common sign of bone ...
As of 2012, a single study has demonstrated the potential for an effectively negative coefficient of friction in the low-load regime, meaning that a decrease in normal force leads to an increase in friction. This contradicts everyday experience in which an increase in normal force leads to an increase in friction. [57]