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Tolvaptan, sold under the brand name Samsca among others, is an aquaretic drug that functions as a selective, competitive vasopressin receptor 2 (V 2) antagonist used to treat hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
Tolvaptan phosphate is a drug used for the treatment of cardiac edema. It is a prodrug of tolvaptan, [1] [2] formulated as the salt tolvaptan sodium phosphate, for intravenous administration. Tolvaptan phosphate is converted into the active drug tolvaptan in the human body following administration.
Typical pharmacodynamic effects of the drug are an increase in net fluid loss, increase in urine output, and decrease in the osmolality of urine. Conivaptan inhibits its own metabolism in the body, displaying non-linear pharmacokinetics. About 99% of conivaptan found is bound to human plasma proteins over the range of 10 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL.
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Common side effects include headache, increased urination, diarrhea, cough, and dizziness. [1] Other side effects may include hearing loss and low blood potassium. [1] Torasemide is a sulfonamide and loop diuretic. [1] Use is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding. [2] It works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. [1]