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In particular, it includes support for CCMP, an AES-based encryption mode. [8] [9] [10] Certification began in September, 2004. From March 13, 2006, to June 30, 2020, WPA2 certification was mandatory for all new devices to bear the Wi-Fi trademark. [11] In WPA2-protected WLANs, secure communication is established through a multi-step process.
The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to their approved, interoperable implementation of the full 802.11i as WPA2, also called RSN (Robust Security Network). 802.11i makes use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher, whereas WEP and WPA use the RC4 stream cipher.
The WPA profile also provides optional support for the AES-CCMP algorithm that is the preferred algorithm in 802.11i and WPA2. WPA Enterprise provides RADIUS based authentication using 802.1X. WPA Personal uses a pre-shared Shared Key ( PSK ) to establish the security using an 8 to 63 character passphrase.
CCMP is based on AES processing and uses a 128-bit key and a 128-bit block size. CCMP uses CCM with the following two parameters: M = 8; indicating that the MIC is 8 octets (eight bytes). L = 2; indicating that the Length field is 2 octets. A CCMP Medium Access Control Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) comprises five sections. The first is the MAC ...
In addition, the IEEE 802.11 WG noted that the functionality offered by WAPI systems was equivalent to only a small subset of the security offered by WPA2-based systems. The China NB eventually withdrew WAPI in October 2011 (document JTC1/SC6 N15030) and the project was formally cancelled by SC6 in February 2012.
802.11i a.k.a. WPA2, uses AES and other improvements on WEP; A5/1 and A5/2 cell phone encryption for GSM; U.S. Government Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
The IEEE endorsed the final version of TKIP, along with more robust solutions such as 802.1X and the AES based CCMP, when they published IEEE 802.11i-2004 on 23 July 2004. [3] The Wi-Fi Alliance soon afterwards adopted the full specification under the marketing name WPA2. [4] TKIP was resolved to be deprecated by the IEEE in January 2009. [1]
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) security, [9] which aligns with IEEE 802.11i. WPA2 is available in two types: WPA2-Personal for consumer use, and WPA2 Enterprise, which adds EAP authentication. Optional: Tests corresponding to IEEE 802.11h and 802.11d. WMM Quality of Service, [10] based upon a subset of IEEE 802.11e.