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Focal neurological deficits may be caused by a variety of medical conditions such as head trauma, [1] tumors or stroke; or by various diseases such as meningitis or encephalitis or as a side effect of certain medications such as those used in anesthesia. [2] Neurological soft signs are a group of non-focal neurologic signs. [3]
Lateral temporal lobe seizures arising from the temporal-parietal lobe junction may cause complex visual hallucinations. [2] In comparison to medial temporal lobe seizures, lateral temporal lobe seizures are briefer duration seizures, occur with earlier loss of awareness, and are more likely become a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. [2]
A focal impaired awareness seizure affects a larger part of the hemisphere and the person may lose consciousness. If a focal seizure spreads from one hemisphere to the other side of the brain, this will give rise to a focal to bilateral seizure. [5] [6] The person will become unconscious and may experience a tonic–clonic seizure.
Focal means that it is limited to a focal zone in any lobe. [2] Focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of intractable epilepsy in children and is a frequent cause of epilepsy in adults. There are three types of FCD with subtypes, including type 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d, each with distinct histopathological features.
Geschwind syndrome, also known as Gastaut–Geschwind syndrome, is a group of behavioral phenomena evident in some people with temporal lobe epilepsy.It is named for one of the first individuals to categorize the symptoms, Norman Geschwind, who published prolifically on the topic from 1973 to 1984. [1]
Causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration Frontotemporal dementia ( FTD ), also called frontotemporal degeneration disease [ 1 ] or frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, [ 2 ] encompasses several types of dementia involving the progressive degeneration of the brain's frontal and temporal lobes . [ 3 ]
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a neuropathological condition with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus. [1] Neuroimaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) may identify individuals with hippocampal sclerosis. [ 2 ]
In a survey of all known cases, 43.6% have epileptiform abnormalities localised over the temporal or frontotemporal region on electroencephalography following the attack. Of these, 31.7% were left-sided, 12.2% were right-sided and 56.1% were bilateral. [2]