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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [ 7 ] Ito and co-workers observed the rate of addition reactions of aryl thiol radical to disubstituted olefins. [ 6 ]
For example, in a normal-demand scenario, a diene bearing an electron-donating group (EDG) at C1 has its largest HOMO coefficient at C4, while the dienophile with an electron withdrawing group (EWG) at C1 has the largest LUMO coefficient at C2. Pairing these two coefficients gives the "ortho" product as seen in case 1 in the figure below.
Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers , preprints , journal articles, and software components. [ 1 ]
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature.The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations.
Nearly half of all women have "dense breasts"—yet countless don't find out until later in life. Dense breasts have more fibrous and glandular tissue relative to fat tissue in the breast. Because ...
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods [1] to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms.