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The Code sets out regulations for shipping in the polar regions, principally relating to ice navigation and ship design. The international framework aims to protect the two polar regions — the Arctic (north pole region) and Antarctic (south pole region), from maritime risks. [2] The Code entered into force on 1 January 2017. [2] [3] [4]
Ice navigation occurs wherever a waterborne vessel transits through sea ice.One of the more common regions for ice navigation is the Baltic Sea, where vessels visiting the Baltic States will make their way through first year ice in the winter months, often with an icebreaker, or with ice reports, charts and data provided by meteorological offices.
The ice navigation ships are also often referred as ice-strengthened vessels. This term has no international standard and its definition may vary in different countries. [ 2 ] [ 7 ] In general, it is more commonly used for various research and expedition ships and less commonly for merchant cargo ships.
The most popular navigational text of the late 18th century was The Practical Navigator by John Hamilton Moore of the Royal Navy, first published in 1772.To have exact tables to work from, Bowditch recomputed all of Moore's tables, and rearranged and expanded the work.
The 2012-built South African polar research vessel S. A. Agulhas II is one of the few vessels rated PC 5 or higher.. Polar Class (PC) refers to the ice class assigned to a ship by a classification society based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships developed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS).
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After nautical dusk, navigation at sea referencing the horizon is no longer possible, and after nautical dawn such navigation again becomes possible. [8] Ice navigation involves navigating and operating a ship within sea ice conditions. [9] Along with general navigation, seamanship involves being able to respond to weather at sea. [10]
The nature of a waterway depicted by a chart may change, and artificial aids to navigation may be altered at short notice. Therefore, old or uncorrected charts should never be used for navigation. Every producer of nautical charts also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that affect the chart.
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