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The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites. These reactions often proceed via carbocation intermediates as shown for the dehydration of cyclohexanol. [5] Some alcohols are prone to dehydration.
Thus, there remains lingering doubt about the mechanisms of ethanol listed here, even for the GABA A receptor, the most-studied mechanism. [24] In the past, alcohol was believed to be a non-specific pharmacological agent affecting many neurotransmitter systems in the brain, [25] but progress has been made over the last few decades.
Vinyl alcohol, also called ethenol (IUPAC name; not ethanol) or ethylenol, is the simplest enol. With the formula C H 2 CHOH, it is a labile compound that converts to acetaldehyde immediately upon isolation near room temperature. [1] It is not a practical precursor to any compound.
Hydration reaction mechanism from 1-methylcyclohexene to 1-methylcyclohexanol. Many alternative routes are available for producing alcohols, including the hydroboration–oxidation reaction , the oxymercuration–reduction reaction , the Mukaiyama hydration , the reduction of ketones and aldehydes and as a biological method fermentation .
In the presence of acid catalysts, alcohols can be converted to alkenes such as ethanol to ethylene. Typically solid acids such as alumina are used. [128] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. Since water is removed from the same molecule, the reaction is known as intramolecular dehydration.
The Ziegler alcohol synthesis involves oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation. [2] The triethylaluminium is produced by action of aluminium, ethylene, and hydrogen gas. In the production process, two-thirds of the triethylaluminium produced is recycled back into the reactor, and only one-third is used to ...
The dominant ethanol feedstock in warmer regions is sugarcane. [8] In temperate regions, corn or sugar beets are used. [8] [9] In the United States, the main feedstock for the production of ethanol is currently corn. [8] Approximately 2.8 gallons of ethanol are produced from one bushel of corn (0.42 liter per kilogram).
Through a variety of mechanisms, the removal of a hydride equivalent converts a primary or secondary alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone, respectively. The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (gem-diol, R-CH(OH) 2) by reaction with water ...