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Contemporary theodicy takes one, or some combination, of four general approaches to addressing the problem of evil, (five if one counts the anti-theodicy position as a theodicy). [20]: i The first can be called the protological approach. It asserts God's decisions and actions at creation are reconcilable with omni-benevolence, despite the many ...
The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by al-Kindi (Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and ...
The problem of evil is generally formulated in two forms: the logical problem of evil and the evidential problem of evil. The logical form of the argument tries to show a logical impossibility in the coexistence of a god and evil, [2] [10] while the evidential form tries to show that given the evil in the world, it is improbable that there is ...
Contemporary Islamic philosophy revives some of the trends of medieval Islamic philosophy, notably the tension between Mutazilite and Asharite views of ethics in science and law, and the duty of Muslims and role of Islam in the sociology of knowledge and in forming ethical codes and legal codes, especially the fiqh (or "jurisprudence") and rules of jihad (or "just war").
He was one of the leading Islamic scholars India who tried to bring modernity in Islam. [86] Instead of revolting against British Empire, he tried to popularize modern education such as learning English language. Two of his most famous books are – The Spirit of Islam and Short History Of The Saracens. [87] Muhammad Iqbal (British India) Pakistan
Before the Islamic Revolution, he was one of the few who formally taught philosophy at the Religious Seminary at Qom. Abdollah Javadi-Amoli, Grand Ayatollah is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja. He is a conservative Iranian politician and one of the prominent Islamic scholars of the Hawza (seminary) in Qom. [121]
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
In the Islamic view, jihad is two types: [3] External jihad ( physical jihad): Jihad (the help of God's religion) is with pen or tongue or sword. [3] Inner jihad ( spiritual or jihad al-nafs ): Jihad al-nafs is against all evil, anger, lust, insatiable imagination and any other bad morality in humans. [4]