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Ether on sn-2 and sn-3: this class with flipped chirality on the phosphate connection is called an "archaeal ether lipid". With few (if any) exceptions, it is only found among archaea . The part excluding the phoshphate group is known as archaeol .
Purified phospholipids are produced commercially and have found applications in nanotechnology and materials science. [ 3 ] The first phospholipid identified in 1847 as such in biological tissues was lecithin , or phosphatidylcholine , in the egg yolk of chickens by the French chemist and pharmacist Theodore Nicolas Gobley .
Biosynthesis of various phospholipids (including phosphatidylethanolamine) in bacteria. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. [1] They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate.
After dehydrogenation at the 1- and 2-positions of the alkyl group by an electron transport system and plasmanylethanolamine desaturase the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens is finally formed. The protein corresponding to plasmanylethanolamine desaturase has been identified and is called CarF in bacteria and PEDS1 (TMEM189) in humans (and animals).
Phospholipids and glycolipids consist of two long, nonpolar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chains linked to a hydrophilic head group. The heads of phospholipids are phosphorylated and they consist of either: Glycerol (and hence the name phosphoglycerides given to this group of lipids), or; Sphingosine (e.g. sphingomyelin and ceramide).
In 2018, a group from the University of Groningen managed to produce a large amount (30% of total phospholipids) of true archaeol-based phospholipid in transgenic E. coli. They found that the modified cells show higher tolerance to heat and cold. The result builds on top of their earlier 2015 attempt, which produced only a minuscule amount. [11]
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major acidic phospholipid class that accounts for 13–15% of the phospholipids in the human cerebral cortex. [7] In the plasma membrane, PS is localized exclusively in the cytoplasmic leaflet where it forms part of protein docking sites necessary for the activation of several key signaling pathways.
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P 2) is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes, yet an important second messenger. The generation of PtdIns(3,4)P 2 at the plasma membrane activates a number of important cell signaling pathways. [1] Of all the phospholipids found within the membrane, inositol phospholipids make up ...