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In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125
Phase transitions and critical exponents appear in many physical systems such as water at the critical point, in magnetic systems, in superconductivity, in percolation and in turbulent fluids. The critical dimension above which mean field exponents are valid varies with the systems and can even be infinite.
The discontinuity in , and other properties, e.g. internal energy, , and entropy,, of the substance, is called a first order phase transition. [12] [13] In order to specify the unique experimentally observed pressure, (), at which it occurs another thermodynamic condition is required, for from Fig.1 it could clearly occur for any pressure in the range .
There are many correct collections of "Schreinemaker's rules" and the choice to use a given set of rules depends on the nature of the phase diagrams being created. Due to the phrasing of the Morey–Schreinemaker coincidence theorem, only one rule is essential to the Schreinemaker's rules. This is the so-called metastable extensions rule: [1]
Continuous phase transitions are classified by their universality class, each of which is characterized by a set of critical exponents. The values of the critical exponents are non-trivial and fundamental numbers. A lot of experimental and simulation work has been devoted to the determination of critical exponents.
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This definition is clearly parallel to the definition of an ordinary critical point as the point at which two-phase coexistence terminates. A point of three-phase coexistence is termed a triple point for a one-component system, since, from Gibbs' phase rule, this condition is only achieved for a single point in the phase diagram (F = 2-3+1 =0 ...
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