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This is a graph of a simulation of the 5.56 mm NATO round, being fired from a 20-inch (510 mm) barrel. The horizontal axis represents time, the vertical axis represents pressure (green line), bullet travel (red line), and bullet velocity (light blue line). The values shown at top are peak values
In order to make accurate predictions on gyroscopic drift several details about both the external and internal ballistics must be considered. Factors such as the twist rate of the barrel, the velocity of the projectile as it exits the muzzle, barrel harmonics, and atmospheric conditions, all contribute to the path of a projectile.
Shot pitch is defined as angular displacement about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the barrel axis. Shot yaw is defined as angular displacements about a vertical axis perpendicular to the barrel axis. [7] There is an interaction between the shot and the barrel such that each affects the motion of the other.
The two-dimensional (or Lagrange) stream function, introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1781, [1] is defined for incompressible (divergence-free), two-dimensional flows. The Stokes stream function , named after George Gabriel Stokes , [ 2 ] is defined for incompressible, three-dimensional flows with axisymmetry .
In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by q or Q and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by: [1] = where (in SI units): q is the dynamic pressure in pascals (i.e., N/m 2, ρ (Greek letter rho) is the fluid mass density (e.g. in kg/m 3), and; u is the flow speed in m/s.
In fluid dynamics, total dynamic head (TDH) is the work to be done by a pump, per unit weight, per unit volume of fluid.TDH is the total amount of system pressure, measured in feet, where water can flow through a system before gravity takes over, and is essential for pump specification.
Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, density, speed and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a parcel of fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in either the pressure or the height above a datum. [1]:
First, select the desired pressure loss Δp / L, say 1 kg / m 2 / s 2 (0.12 in H 2 O per 100 ft) on the vertical axis (ordinate). Next scan horizontally to the needed flow volume Q , say 1 m 3 / s (2000 cfm): the choice of duct with diameter D = 0.5 m (20 in.) will result in a pressure loss rate Δ p / L less than the target value.