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By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today. [117] Relative size of the Sun as it is now (inset) compared to its estimated future size as a red giant. Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. [118]
This model posits that, 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System was formed by the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud spanning several light-years. Many stars, including the Sun, were formed within this collapsing cloud. The gas that formed the Solar System was slightly more massive than the Sun itself.
Based on Jupiter's composition, researchers have made the case for an initial formation outside the molecular nitrogen (N 2) snow line, which is estimated at 20–30 AU (3.0–4.5 billion km; 1.9–2.8 billion mi) from the Sun, and possibly even outside the argon snow line, which may be as far as 40 AU (6.0 billion km; 3.7 billion mi).
The closest well-measured approach was Scholz's Star, which approached to ~ 50,000 AU of the Sun some ~70 thousands years ago, likely passing through the outer Oort cloud. [267] There is a 1% chance every billion years that a star will pass within 100 AU of the Sun, potentially disrupting the Solar System. [268]
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Relationship between redshift and age of the universe, from z = 5...20 [7]. The Lambda-CDM concordance model describes the evolution of the universe from a very uniform, hot, dense primordial state to its present state over a span of about 13.77 billion years [12] of cosmological time.
A new study says complex life began 1.5 billion years earlier, influenced by ancient volcanic activity, reshaping our understanding of life's timeline on Earth. ... Common Ancestor could date back ...
4.5 billion Mars reaches the same solar flux as that of the Earth when it first formed 4.5 billion years ago from today. [92] < 5 billion The Andromeda Galaxy will have fully merged with the Milky Way, forming an elliptical galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda". [95] There is also a small chance of the Solar System being ejected.