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A human computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952. It was not until the mid-20th century that the word acquired its modern definition; according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the word computer was in a different sense, in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue [] read the truest computer of Times, and the best ...
Donald Knuth - The Art of Computer Programming; Ellen Ullman - Close to the Machine; Ellis Horowitz - Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms; Eric Raymond - The Art of Unix Programming; Gerald M. Weinberg - The Psychology of Computer Programming; James Gosling - The Java Programming Language; Joel Spolsky - The Best Software Writing I
The analytical engine was a proposed digital mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. [2] [3] It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference Engine, which was a design for a simpler mechanical calculator.
The second-generation computer architectures initially varied; they included character-based decimal computers, sign-magnitude decimal computers with a 10-digit word, sign-magnitude binary computers, and ones' complement binary computers, although Philco, RCA, and Honeywell, for example, had some computers that were character-based binary ...
Computer Literature Survey: A Key to the Language of Computers. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Misa, Thomas J. (2009). "Bibliography for History of Computing". Charles Babbage Institute; Pritchard, Alan (1969). A Guide to Computer Literature. Archon Books. Rojas, Raul (2001). Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History. Routledge.
The Computer History in time and space, Graphing Project, an attempt to build a graphical image of computer history, in particular operating systems. The Computer Revolution/Timeline at Wikibooks "File:Timeline.pdf - Engineering and Technology History Wiki" (PDF). ethw.org. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-31
This includes features like improved support for aggregate data types and expressing concepts in a way that favors the programmer, not the computer. A third-generation language improves over a second-generation language by having the computer take care of non-essential details. 3GLs are more abstract than previous generations of languages, and ...
PDP-1 PDP-6 PDP-7 PDP-8/e PDP-11/40 PDP-12 PDP-15 (partial) PDP-15 graphics terminal with light pen and digitizing tablet. Programmed Data Processor (PDP), referred to by some customers, media and authors as "Programmable Data Processor," [1] [2] [3] is a term used by the Digital Equipment Corporation from 1957 to 1990 for several lines of minicomputers.