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Yellow supergiants generally have spectral types of F and G, although sometimes late A or early K stars are included. [1] [2] [3] These spectral types are characterised by hydrogen lines that are very strong in class A, weakening through F and G until they are very weak or absent in class K. Calcium H and K lines are present in late A spectra, but stronger in class F, and strongest in class G ...
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant that has evolved from an O-type main-sequence star. After core hydrogen exhaustion, Betelgeuse evolved into a blue supergiant before evolving into its current red supergiant form. [98] Its core will eventually collapse, producing a supernova explosion and leaving behind a compact remnant. The details depend on the ...
Type I Cepheid variables, more luminous still and mostly supergiants, with even longer periods; Delta Scuti variables, includes subgiant and main-sequence stars. Yellow giants may be moderate-mass stars evolving for the first time towards the red-giant branch, or they may be more evolved stars on the horizontal branch.
Intrinsic variable types in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram showing the Yellow Hypergiants above (i.e. more luminous than) the Cepheid instability strip. A yellow hypergiant (YHG) is a massive star with an extended atmosphere, a spectral class from A to K, and, starting with an initial mass of about 20–60 solar masses, has lost as much as half that mass.
The primary component of the φ Cassiopeiae system is a very luminous yellow supergiant. Its absolute magnitude is comparable to some yellow hypergiants but it does not show the level of mass loss and instability that would qualify it as a hypergiant itself.
Artist's illustration of Wezen, a yellow supergiant 1,600 light-years away in the Canis Major constellation. Delta Canis Majoris is a supergiant of class F8. Its surface temperature is around 5,818 K, [12] and it is 14 to 15 times more massive than the Sun. Its absolute magnitude is −6.77, [8] and it lies around 1,600 light-years away. It is ...
R Coronae Borealis is a low-mass yellow supergiant star in the constellation of Corona Borealis.It is the prototype of the R Coronae Borealis variable of variable stars, which fade by several magnitudes at irregular intervals.
One astrophysical method used to definitively identify yellow hypergiants is the so-called Keenan-Smolinski criterion. Here all absorption lines should be strongly broadened, beyond those expected of bright supergiant stars, and also show strong evidence of significant mass loss.