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Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen which was previously used clinically to support pregnancy, has been linked to a variety of long-term adverse effects in women who were treated with it during pregnancy and in their offspring. [1]
Other investigations have revealed short-term neonatal outcomes to include small deficits in infant neurobehavioral function and growth restriction when compared to control infants. [71] Also, prenatal methamphetamine use is believed to have long-term effects in terms of brain development, which may last for many years. [70]
Lead, a heavy metal that can exist in both organic and inorganic forms, and is associated with adverse effects on male libido, erectile disfunction, premature ejaculation and poor sperm quality. [12] Lead is also associated with negative effects on the female reproductive system particularly for pregnant people. [13]
In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear. SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold, [43] [44] and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. [45]
Compared to other malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens, however, mefloqinone may produce more side effects in non-pregnant travelers. Mefloquine is also safe and effective for use during breastfeeding, [ 24 ] though it appears in breast milk in low concentrations.
Severe side effects may include low blood cell counts, liver failure, and vasculitis. [2] Use is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy due to the risk of congenital anomalies, but it may be used in the second trimester or third trimester. [4] It may be used during breastfeeding. [4]
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is a nonsteroidal estrogen medication, which is presently rarely used. [5] [6] [7] In the past, it was widely used for a variety of indications, including pregnancy support for those with a history of recurrent miscarriage, hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and estrogen deficiency, treatment of prostate cancer and ...
Common side effects include lightheadedness, headache, feeling tired, leg swelling, cough, and shortness of breath. [2] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure and heart failure. [2] Nifedipine is considered safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. [5] Nifedipine was patented in 1967, and approved for use in the United States in 1981.