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Philip II of Macedon [2] (Ancient Greek: Φίλιππος Philippos; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. [3] He was a member of the Argead dynasty , founders of the ancient kingdom, and the father of Alexander the Great .
[5] [6] Much of Philip's expansion during this period was at the nominal expense of the Athenians, who considered the north Aegean coast as their sphere of influence, and Philip was at war with Athens from 356–346 BC. [4] Philip was not originally a belligerent in the Sacred War, but became involved at the request of the Thessalians.
Demosthenes, an Athenian statesman who was partially responsible for engineering the peace treaty, delivered a series of speeches encouraging his fellow Athenians to oppose Philip II. The Macedonian hegemony over Greece was secured by their victory over a Greek coalition army led by Athens and Thebes, at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.
The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (Greek: κοινὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, koinòn tõn Hellḗnōn; [a] or simply οἱ Ἕλληνες, the Héllēnes), [3] was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II [4] in 338–337 BC.
According to its coinage, the League was created by Philip V of Macedon, r. 221-174 BC. [ f ] His son Perseus of Macedon , r. 179-168 BC, lost Macedon to Rome, which split the League into 4 republics, then recombined them into Macedonia (Roman province) in 146 BC.
Macedonia (/ ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə / ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), also called Macedon (/ ˈ m æ s ɪ d ɒ n / MASS-ih-don), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, [6] which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. [7]
Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus. [5]
Philip was however indulgent towards Athens. He actually proposed a new peace treaty, whose terms were quite favorable for the defeated party. Demosthenes prompted the fortification of Athens and was appointed by ecclesia to the duty of delivering over them the customary funeral speech, honoring the Athenians who died for their city. [1]