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  2. Laccolith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccolith

    A laccolith is a type of igneous intrusion, formed when magma forces its way upwards through the Earth's crust but cools and solidifies before reaching the surface. Laccoliths are distinguished from other igneous intrusions by their dome-shaped upper surface and level base. They are assumed to be fed by a conduit from below, though this is ...

  3. Magma chamber - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_chamber

    A magma chamber is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth. The molten rock, or magma, in such a chamber is less dense than the surrounding country rock, which produces buoyant forces on the magma that tend to drive it upwards. [1] If the magma finds a path to the surface, then the result will be a volcanic eruption ...

  4. Sill (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology)

    Sill (geology) Illustration showing the difference between a dike and a sill. In geology, a sill is a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. A sill is a concordant intrusive sheet, meaning that it does not cut ...

  5. Dike (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)

    Dike (geology) A magmatic dike (vertical) cross-cutting horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, in Makhtesh Ramon, Israel. In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies ...

  6. Submarine volcano - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano

    Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth 's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. [1]

  7. Kimberlite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlite

    Within 1.5–2 km (0.93–1.24 mi) of the surface, the highly pressured magma explodes upwards and expands to form a conical to cylindrical diatreme, which erupts to the surface. The surface expression is rarely preserved but is usually similar to a maar volcano. Kimberlite dikes and sills can be thin (1–4 meters), while pipes range in ...

  8. Dome (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_(geology)

    The white rocks at left center are the gypsum and anhydrite carapace of the diapir. A dome is a feature in structural geology where a circular part of the Earth's surface has been pushed upward, tilting the pre-existing layers of earth away from the center. In technical terms, it consists of symmetrical anticlines that intersect each other at ...

  9. Basalt - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt

    Basalt (UK: / ˈbæsɔːlt, - əlt /; [1] US: / bəˈsɔːlt, ˈbeɪsɔːlt /) [2] is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low- viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon. More than 90% of all volcanic rock on Earth is basalt.

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